Course Mol: 101: Research Methodology.
Introduction to research methodology, Research Problem, writing Research Proposals, Hypotheses., literature review, Study Design, Qualitative and Quantitative methods, Data collection techniques an documentation. Sampling and its types. Interviews, Observations, Questionnaires. Data Analysis and Management, Interpretation. Inferences. Presentation of research findings.
Course Mol: 102: Biostatistics.
Data and statistics, Categorical (qualitative) data, Numerical (quantitative) data, Percentages, Rations, Rates, Scores, Errors and Outliers, Average, Mean, Median, Mode, variance, standard variations, Confidence Interval, Theoretical distributions , Probability, Hypothesis testing, parametric and non-parametric tests, Basic techniques of data analysis, Study power and related factors. Web Tools for statistics of genetic data, SNPStat and related software, Graphs.
Course Mol: 103: Biomedical Ethics
Introduction to ethics, Religious and legal aspects of ethics in medical practice, Informed consent, basic structure and requirements, Confidentiality, Ethics and Human reproduction, Use of human embryo, fetus and tissues. Pre and post natal screening and testing. Assisted conception and ethical issues. Gene therapy, somatic and germ line research and treatment, Eugenics, Use of vulnerable population for research, Life death, dying and killing, Transplantation, DNA testing and ethics, Trust telling and disclosure, Plagiarism and related laws in Pakistan, HEC plagiarism policy.
Course Mol: 104: Basic Laboratory Techniques and Biosafety
Introduction to fundamental Laboratory Safety measure, disposal of hazardous materials, personal safety measure, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), Introduction of conventional and modern biochemical and molecular techniques, Molecular Laboratory general protocols, Nucleic acid extraction, protein extraction, Concept Macromolecular separations, electrophoresis, agrose and PAGE, Basics of centrifugations and principles, rotor types and uses, Understanding of Basic Molecular biology techniques, Polymerase chain reaction, Different types of PCR and its uses. Real-time PCR, Quantification of nucleic acids and proteins, spectrophotometry, Introduction to biotechnological methods, Recombinant Ecoli strains, Media preparation, Plasmids and its structural components, Plasmid extraction, Restriction enzyme digestion, Site directed mutagenesis. Transformation.
Mol: 105: Biochemistry
Carbohydrates: Structural aspects – Introduction & Occurrence, Classification of Mono-, Di- and Polysaccharides, Reducing & Non-reducing Sugars, Constitution of Glucose & Fructose, Osazone formation, Pyranose & Furanose forms, Determination of ring size, Inter-conversion of monosaccharides. Lipids, Structural aspects – General introduction, Classification & Structure of Simple &Compound lipids, Properties of Lipid aggregates (elementary idea), Biological membrane, Membrane protein – structural aspects, Lipoproteins, Proteins : Structural aspects – General introduction, Classification & General characteristics, Structure of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quaternary proteins & chains of proteins , Nucleic acid structure Components of DNA and RNA, Nucleosides & Nucleotides Double helical structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model), various forms of DNA.
Course Mol: 201: Bioinformatics
Introduction; bio-computing; biological databases - types and retrieval of nucleic acid (or genomic) or protein sequence information; sequence alignment - pairwise, multiple; phylogenetics; in silico identification of protein motifs and domains; structural bioinformatics of proteins and RNAs including protein modeling and prediction of their interactions with other proteins and small molecules; identification of genes and promoter regions within genomes; networks; strategies for whole genome sequencing and assembly.
Mol: 203: Molecular Cell Biology
Basics of Cell Biology (structure & function) – Discovery of cell and Cell Theory; Comparison between plant and animal cells; Structure and function of Prokaryotic cell & its components Cell wall; Plasma membrane; Modification of plasma membrane and intracellular junctions; Cytoskeleton; Protoplasm; Mitochondria; Chloroplast; ER; Golgi complex; Lysosome, endosome and microbodies; Ribosome; Centriole; Nucleus; Chemical components of a cell; Catalysisand use of energy by cells, Membrane structure & transport/ cell signaling– Models of membrane structure, Membrane lipids, proteins and carbohydrates; Solute transport by Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Active transport, An overview of cell cycle; Components of cell cycle control system; Intracellular and Extra-cellular control of cell division, Programmed cell death (Apoptosis), intrinsic & extrinsic pathways of cell death, Apoptosis in relation with Cancer, Viral disease (AIDS) & Organ transplant, Genes, Transcription , translation, Mutations, regulation of RNA, Enzymes and its functions.
Mol: 203: Molecular Genetics
Science of Genetics – an overview of modern history of Genetics before 1860, 1860-1900, 19001944, 1944-Present, about 3 general areas of Genetics (Classical, Molecular & Evolutionary),Mendelism& Chromosome Theory – Mendel’s principles, applications of Mendel’s principles, Linkage, Sutton’s view on linkage, Morgan’s view on linkage, Bateson &Punnet’s Coupling & Repulsion hypothesis. Linkage & Crossing over - Chromosome theory of Linkage, kinds of linkage, linkage groups, types of Crossing over, mechanism of Meiotic Crossing over, Allelic Variation & Gene function –, Epiststic interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, Penetrance Expressivity, Pleiotropism, Modifier/Modifying genes .Non-Mendelian inheritance, Chromosomal variation in Number & Structure – Euploidy, Non-disjunction & Aneuploidy, Aneuploid segregation in plants, Aneuploidy in Human, Polyploidy in Plants & Animals, Induced Polyploidy, applications of Polyploidy, Chromosomal Mosaics, Polytene chromosome in Diptera, Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Position Effect, Centromeric& Non-centromeric breaks in chromosomes, chromosomal rearrangements in Human being, Chromosomal aberrations & evolution. Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Pedgrees.
Mol: 204: MicroBiology
Overview of history of Microbiology, Classification of Microbes - Systems of classification, Numerical taxonomy, Identifying characters for classification, General properties and principles of classification of microorganisms Systematics of bacteria, Nutritional types [Definition and examples]. Classification on the basis of oxygen requirement. Concept of Sterilization -, dry and moist heat, pasteurization, radiation, ultra sonication, filtration. Physical and Chemical methods of sterilization; disinfection sanitization, antisepsis and fumigation. Determination of phenol coefficient of disinfectant. Stains and staining techniques chromophores, dyes, Mechanism of gram staining, acid fast staining, negative staining, capsule staining, flagella staining, endospore staining.
Pathogenic Microorganisms List of common bacterial, fungal and viral diseases of human beings General characteristics of viruses, differences between bacteria and viruses. Classification of viruses Physical and chemical Structures of different Viruses on the basis of capsid symmetry - enveloped (Herpes virus), helical (TMV) and icosahedral (Polyoma viruses), Capsids, complex (Bacteriophage, and Virion size, enveloped (Herpes), helical (TMV) and icosahedral(Polyoma),Capsids.
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